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Lan Fang Republic
(summary from the book Hakka people - Jews of the Orient by Kao Chung Xi. Summary digest compiled by Jonathan Teoh. Some spelling were revised according to Josef Widjaja, Oct 26, 1996)
Towards the end of the 18th century, Kwangtung Hakkas established a republic in Western Kalimantan which lasted 107 years and had 10 presidents.
The first president is Low Lan Pak. He was born in Kwangtung, Mei Hsien, Shih Pik Pao on the third year of Ching dynasty Chien Long emperor. He married a girl and had a son. But Hakka's custom usually do not take wife along for overseas trip. He left for Western Kalimantan alone to join the gold rush at that time.
He travelled along Han Jiang to Shantao, along Vietnam coastline, and finally landed in Western Kalimantan.
The sultan at that time, Panembahan believing that Chinese workers are hard working, brought in 20 Chinese from Brunei. The sultan Omar in Singkawang, also heard about Chinese diligence and use the lease land system to encourage Chinese to explore in his territory.
When Low Fan Pak reached Western Kalimantan, the Holland has not yet aggressively moved to Kalimantan. Along the coastal area, a lot of Java people and oceania's Bugis people settled down. Also, the Sultan's power were confined to the coastal area, the inland power belongs to the Dayak. The territories among Sultans were not well defined as well.
In the beginning of 1740, the Chinese numbered only a few tens. By 1770, the Chinese has grown to 20,000 strong. By blood clan or by the area they are from, the Chinese established Kongsi(company) to protect themselves.
In 1776, 14 kongsi banded together to form a He Soon 14 Kongsi in order to break the bottleneck of being grouped by area or by blood.
At that time Low Lan Pak established his own Lang Fan kongsi. He then united all the Hakkas in the San-Sin lake area and build a Mem-Tau-Er township and made it the headquarter of his united company.
At that time, Kun Tian(Pontianak) which located in the lower stream of Kapuas River was an important commerce area and was controlled by Sultan Abdul Laman. The upper stream of the river is controlled by the Dayaks. Kun Tian neighboring state Mempawah's Sultan tried to build a palace in the upper stream which led to the fighting between the 2 Sultans.
The Kun Tian Sultan asked Low Lan Pak for help. Since the palace is being built near the Lan Fang company territory, Low Lan Pak decided to help Kun Tian Sultan and defeated the Mempawah's Sultan.
The defeated Mempawah's Sultan then joined forces with the Dayaks and launched a counter-attack. Low Lan Pak again defeated Mempawah Sultan and this time marched North all the way to Singkawang. Singkawang Sultan and Mempawah Sultan signed a peace treaty with Low Lan Pak and Low Lan Pak's popularity increased dramatically. He was 57 then.
After that, Chinese and locals, turned to Low Lan Pak to seek protection, and when Kun Tian Sultan realized that he can not challenged Low Lan Pak, The sultan himself seek protection from Low Lan Pak.
Thus, Low Lan Pak established a government, using his company name, changing kongsi(company) to republic, and formed Lan Fang Republic in 1777, 10 years earlier than USA(1787). At that time people wanted Low Lan Pak to be Sultan, but he declined and take the post of governorship, similar to the president post.
From Qing dynasty's sea nation annals, it recorded that it is a place where Ka Yin people (Mei Hsien area) do mining, build road, establish its own nation, every year has ships reached ng Zhou and Chao Zhou area, doing commerce. >From its own Lan Fang Company annals, it indicated that every year it pays tribute to Qing dynasty like Annan (Vietnam).
The capital was in Ceh Wan Li. The Ta Tang Chon Chang(president) is elected by election. Both the president position and the vice president position has to be of Hakka from Ka Yin or Ta Pu area. The flag is a rectangle yellow flag with the word Lan Fang Ta Tong Chi. The president flag is a triangular yellow flag with the word Chuao (General). The high ranking officials dress in Chinese style while lower ranking officials dress western style clothing.
Low Lan Pak passed away on the second year of the republic. He has been in Borneo for 20 years. he 47th year of the republic during the reign of the fifth president Liew Tai Er, Dutch began its active expansion in Indonesia and occupied the South East region of Borneo. Lan Fang lose its autonomy and became a protected state of Dutch.
Then Dutch opened a colonial office in Kun Tian and intervened republic's affair. In 1884, Singkawang refused to be ruled by Dutch, and was attacked by the Dutch. The Dutch occupied Lan Fang Kongsi. Lan Fang Kongsi fought for 4 years but eventually was defeated, and its people fled to Sumatra. Fearful of strong reaction from Ching government, Dutch never declared that it occupied Lan Fang and let one of the descendent be a figure head. It was not until the formation of Republic of China in 1912 that Dutch formally declared its formal control of the area.
Those that fled to Sumatra regrouped in Medan. From there, some moved to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. One of the descendent from these people is Lee Kuan Yew. While Hakkas are the minority in Singapore, it is the Hakkas that played an important part to establish the second Lan Fang company - Singapore.
资料源自《维基百科》
兰芳共和国（1777年―1884年），全称兰芳大统制共和国，亦有说是南方共和国，是华人所创立的第一个共和国。1770年广东梅县客家人罗芳伯在东南亚西婆罗洲（今加里曼丹西部）成立了“兰芳公司”，1777年罗芳伯将“公司”改为“共和国”，成为“兰芳共和国”。也有人认为，兰芳公司和兰芳共和国要向荷属东印度公司纳税，表明二者之间的关系是从属关系，而非独立国家；在罗芳伯逝世后才出现了兰芳大总制，其辖区既不是荷兰政府下的一个州府，也不是一个国家。
兰芳共和国最初并非政治组织，而是一家贸易公司。是时不少广东人前往南洋谋生，由于广东人善长经商，因此不少从事贸易的人都很受当地酋长的敬重。当时由于不少欧洲人前往当地骚扰，所以当地有华人社团从广东省招请团练，来到南洋担当类似保T的角色，当中势力最大的是兰芳公司。后来不少酋长都要求兰芳公司保护他们，所以兰芳公司当时的老板罗芳伯就在当地成立共和国，并担任国家的大总，总揽国家的保安及各部族之间的协调工作。而各部族的内部事务，仍然由酋长负责。此外，由于罗芳伯得知洋人对清朝仍然非常顾忌，所以在立国之初就立即向清朝称臣，并派员前往北京朝贡。不过由于担心清朝可能不满，罗芳伯向清朝称臣时决定仍使用“兰芳公司”之名，而非“兰芳共和国”。此举果然使洋人大为顾忌，从而停止对当地的骚扰。而另一方面，早期未有加入的部族，看到兰芳共和国的成功，亦纷纷表示愿意加入成为成员部族。在最高峰时，兰芳共和国的势力范围占有整个婆罗洲岛。1795年罗芳伯病故后，由江戍伯继任其位。
兰芳共和国以东万津为首府，并将立国1777年当年定为兰芳元年。国家元首称“大总制”，且“国之大事皆众咨议而行”，以类似于民主选举和禅让的形式传承，前后历任十二位总长。后来由于清朝在外交上多次失利，西洋人开始认识到清朝已经衰弱，无力再顾及境外的事，趁著中法战争的爆发，荷兰开始重新部署占领行动。公元1884年，荷兰入侵兰芳共和国，兰芳共和国虽进行了抵抗，但终因寡不敌众而失败，其残余势力逃至苏门答腊。不过，由于仍害怕清政府作出反应，荷兰并未公开宣称已占领兰芳地区，而是另立了一个傀儡以便进行统治。直到1912年清朝灭亡后，荷兰才正式宣布对兰芳地区的占领。兰芳共和国自立国至灭亡，共经历一百多年。
(summary from the book Hakka people - Jews of the Orient by Kao Chung Xi. Summary digest compiled by Jonathan Teoh. Some spelling were revised according to Josef Widjaja, Oct 26, 1996)
Towards the end of the 18th century, Kwangtung Hakkas established a republic in Western Kalimantan which lasted 107 years and had 10 presidents.
The first president is Low Lan Pak. He was born in Kwangtung, Mei Hsien, Shih Pik Pao on the third year of Ching dynasty Chien Long emperor. He married a girl and had a son. But Hakka's custom usually do not take wife along for overseas trip. He left for Western Kalimantan alone to join the gold rush at that time.
He travelled along Han Jiang to Shantao, along Vietnam coastline, and finally landed in Western Kalimantan.
The sultan at that time, Panembahan believing that Chinese workers are hard working, brought in 20 Chinese from Brunei. The sultan Omar in Singkawang, also heard about Chinese diligence and use the lease land system to encourage Chinese to explore in his territory.
When Low Fan Pak reached Western Kalimantan, the Holland has not yet aggressively moved to Kalimantan. Along the coastal area, a lot of Java people and oceania's Bugis people settled down. Also, the Sultan's power were confined to the coastal area, the inland power belongs to the Dayak. The territories among Sultans were not well defined as well.
In the beginning of 1740, the Chinese numbered only a few tens. By 1770, the Chinese has grown to 20,000 strong. By blood clan or by the area they are from, the Chinese established Kongsi(company) to protect themselves.
In 1776, 14 kongsi banded together to form a He Soon 14 Kongsi in order to break the bottleneck of being grouped by area or by blood.
At that time Low Lan Pak established his own Lang Fan kongsi. He then united all the Hakkas in the San-Sin lake area and build a Mem-Tau-Er township and made it the headquarter of his united company.
At that time, Kun Tian(Pontianak) which located in the lower stream of Kapuas River was an important commerce area and was controlled by Sultan Abdul Laman. The upper stream of the river is controlled by the Dayaks. Kun Tian neighboring state Mempawah's Sultan tried to build a palace in the upper stream which led to the fighting between the 2 Sultans.
The Kun Tian Sultan asked Low Lan Pak for help. Since the palace is being built near the Lan Fang company territory, Low Lan Pak decided to help Kun Tian Sultan and defeated the Mempawah's Sultan.
The defeated Mempawah's Sultan then joined forces with the Dayaks and launched a counter-attack. Low Lan Pak again defeated Mempawah Sultan and this time marched North all the way to Singkawang. Singkawang Sultan and Mempawah Sultan signed a peace treaty with Low Lan Pak and Low Lan Pak's popularity increased dramatically. He was 57 then.
After that, Chinese and locals, turned to Low Lan Pak to seek protection, and when Kun Tian Sultan realized that he can not challenged Low Lan Pak, The sultan himself seek protection from Low Lan Pak.
Thus, Low Lan Pak established a government, using his company name, changing kongsi(company) to republic, and formed Lan Fang Republic in 1777, 10 years earlier than USA(1787). At that time people wanted Low Lan Pak to be Sultan, but he declined and take the post of governorship, similar to the president post.
From Qing dynasty's sea nation annals, it recorded that it is a place where Ka Yin people (Mei Hsien area) do mining, build road, establish its own nation, every year has ships reached ng Zhou and Chao Zhou area, doing commerce. >From its own Lan Fang Company annals, it indicated that every year it pays tribute to Qing dynasty like Annan (Vietnam).
The capital was in Ceh Wan Li. The Ta Tang Chon Chang(president) is elected by election. Both the president position and the vice president position has to be of Hakka from Ka Yin or Ta Pu area. The flag is a rectangle yellow flag with the word Lan Fang Ta Tong Chi. The president flag is a triangular yellow flag with the word Chuao (General). The high ranking officials dress in Chinese style while lower ranking officials dress western style clothing.
Low Lan Pak passed away on the second year of the republic. He has been in Borneo for 20 years. he 47th year of the republic during the reign of the fifth president Liew Tai Er, Dutch began its active expansion in Indonesia and occupied the South East region of Borneo. Lan Fang lose its autonomy and became a protected state of Dutch.
Then Dutch opened a colonial office in Kun Tian and intervened republic's affair. In 1884, Singkawang refused to be ruled by Dutch, and was attacked by the Dutch. The Dutch occupied Lan Fang Kongsi. Lan Fang Kongsi fought for 4 years but eventually was defeated, and its people fled to Sumatra. Fearful of strong reaction from Ching government, Dutch never declared that it occupied Lan Fang and let one of the descendent be a figure head. It was not until the formation of Republic of China in 1912 that Dutch formally declared its formal control of the area.
Those that fled to Sumatra regrouped in Medan. From there, some moved to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. One of the descendent from these people is Lee Kuan Yew. While Hakkas are the minority in Singapore, it is the Hakkas that played an important part to establish the second Lan Fang company - Singapore.
资料源自《维基百科》
兰芳共和国（1777年―1884年），全称兰芳大统制共和国，亦有说是南方共和国，是华人所创立的第一个共和国。1770年广东梅县客家人罗芳伯在东南亚西婆罗洲（今加里曼丹西部）成立了“兰芳公司”，1777年罗芳伯将“公司”改为“共和国”，成为“兰芳共和国”。也有人认为，兰芳公司和兰芳共和国要向荷属东印度公司纳税，表明二者之间的关系是从属关系，而非独立国家；在罗芳伯逝世后才出现了兰芳大总制，其辖区既不是荷兰政府下的一个州府，也不是一个国家。
兰芳共和国最初并非政治组织，而是一家贸易公司。是时不少广东人前往南洋谋生，由于广东人善长经商，因此不少从事贸易的人都很受当地酋长的敬重。当时由于不少欧洲人前往当地骚扰，所以当地有华人社团从广东省招请团练，来到南洋担当类似保T的角色，当中势力最大的是兰芳公司。后来不少酋长都要求兰芳公司保护他们，所以兰芳公司当时的老板罗芳伯就在当地成立共和国，并担任国家的大总，总揽国家的保安及各部族之间的协调工作。而各部族的内部事务，仍然由酋长负责。此外，由于罗芳伯得知洋人对清朝仍然非常顾忌，所以在立国之初就立即向清朝称臣，并派员前往北京朝贡。不过由于担心清朝可能不满，罗芳伯向清朝称臣时决定仍使用“兰芳公司”之名，而非“兰芳共和国”。此举果然使洋人大为顾忌，从而停止对当地的骚扰。而另一方面，早期未有加入的部族，看到兰芳共和国的成功，亦纷纷表示愿意加入成为成员部族。在最高峰时，兰芳共和国的势力范围占有整个婆罗洲岛。1795年罗芳伯病故后，由江戍伯继任其位。
兰芳共和国以东万津为首府，并将立国1777年当年定为兰芳元年。国家元首称“大总制”，且“国之大事皆众咨议而行”，以类似于民主选举和禅让的形式传承，前后历任十二位总长。后来由于清朝在外交上多次失利，西洋人开始认识到清朝已经衰弱，无力再顾及境外的事，趁著中法战争的爆发，荷兰开始重新部署占领行动。公元1884年，荷兰入侵兰芳共和国，兰芳共和国虽进行了抵抗，但终因寡不敌众而失败，其残余势力逃至苏门答腊。不过，由于仍害怕清政府作出反应，荷兰并未公开宣称已占领兰芳地区，而是另立了一个傀儡以便进行统治。直到1912年清朝灭亡后，荷兰才正式宣布对兰芳地区的占领。兰芳共和国自立国至灭亡，共经历一百多年。
